Key Terms 5.4

Enclave: concentration of a certain type of people
Diaspora: The dispersal of a population, often resulting in large settlements in different parts of the world.
Pogroms: systematic attack of a certain people
Atlantic Slave Trade: Slaves from Africa were brought to and sold into slavery in the Americas

Works Cited Page

Student Handouts, Inc. "The Industrial Revolution". www.studenthandouts.com 

Muntone, Stephanie. "Second Industrial Revolution." www.education.com

"The Industrial Revolution and the Changing face of Britain."www.britishmuseum.org. Barber Institute for               Fine Arts. Web. 25 March 2014. 

"Changes Caused by the Industrial Revolution." mrfarshtey.net. Web. 25 March 2014. 

Neuwalder, Janet. "Selcted Curiosities." www.brandlibrary.org Brand Library. Web. 25 March 2014. 

"Ending the Atlantic African Slave Trade." histclo.com. HBC. 21 February 2014. Web. 27 March 2014.

"Textile Workers Industrial Revolution." www.womeninworldhistory.com. Women in World History                     Curriculum. Web. 27 March 2014. 

Lewis, Jeffrey. "Precious metals futures: Beyond the madness." www.resourceinvestor.com. Web. 27 March          2014.

Christopher, Matthew. "James Watt." scottishscientists.wikispaces.com. Web. 27 March 2014. 

"Chinese Ceramics." en.wikipedia.org. Web. 27 March 2014.

"Colombian Exchange." en.wikipedia.org. Web. 27 March 2014. 

McGrath, Chris. "A  Single Coal Mine that will add 1 ppm CO2 to the atmosphere." www.climateshifts.org.            Climate Shifts. Web. 27 March 2014. 

"How the Industrial Revolution Started ." www.industrialrevolutionresearch.com. Web. 27 March 2014.

"Tools to define Pre-Mining Water-Quality Restoration Targets." toxics.usgs.gov. USGS. 16 January 2014.          Web. 27 March 2014.

McMahon, Zoe. "Porcelain." fourriverscharter.org. Web. 27 March 2014. 

Smith, Bonnie G., et al. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford St.         Martin's. 2012. Print. 

Torres, Hector. "What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th cent." www.prezi.com. Web. 28          March 2014.

5.1 Timeline

1750- Industrializatiion begins in Britain

1769- James Watt creates the modern steam engine

1780s and 1790s- Interchangability of parts developed in France

1803- Denmark becomes the first Western country to abolish the slave trade

1814- George Stephenson puts a steam engine on a carriage on rails, creating the locomotive

1819- First Atlantic crossing by a steam engine boat

1839-1842- Opium War between China and Britain 

1842- Treaty of Nainjing opens Chinese ports

1853- U.S. ships enter Japanese ports

1865- U.S. Civil War ends, rapid U.S. industrialization begins

1868- Meiji Restoration launches Japanese industrialization

1871- Germany gains resource abundant Alsace and Lorraine after beating the French, helping industrialization.

1873-1900- deep global recession with uneven recovery

1890s- Argentina's leading textile manufacturer produces 1.6 million yards of cloth yearly

1891-1904- Constructuin of trans-Siberian railroad

Additional Informational Source

http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution

You can use this source to get other brief information on the Industrial Revolution

How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of theIndustrial Evolution?

Tremendous changes in the economy, such as the recession of the 1870's, caused the government to step in. Governments main purpose of action was to boost consumption and control markets and prices. New laws were put in place to protect innovation with more secure patents and started the development of limited liability corporations. 1870's to 1880's: governments started interfering with free trade, unlike the past. They imposed tariffs on any imported agricultural or manufactured goods. The tariffs boosted the sell of domestic product. Yet, in some places like Latin America, tariffs were five times as much as those in Europe.




High Tariff Cartoon

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Theodore_Roosevelt_cartoon_Iowa-ohio.JPG/350px-Theodore_Roosevelt_cartoon_Iowa-ohio.JPG

What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?

Consequences: Enclaves of migrants from a single country or area were formed in their new homes. In the Chinese Diaspora of the 19th century to around 1949, Chinese migrated our of China, primarily because of wars, starvation, invasions, and political corruption. When they arrived in the Caribbean, they were required to serve eight year indentured servant contracts. Many of these migrants were illiterate and manual laborers. These Chinese indentured servants were used by the British to replace the recently abolished slave labor, so many indentured servants worked on islands like Jamaica and Trinidad on sugar plantations. Many of the oppressed indentured servants fled to Cuba to escape the British.

Reactions: Many Chinatowns were established in the United States because of the vast majority of Chinese immigrants in this time period. The first was established in San Francisco in the 1840s, and remains one of the largest and most prominent Chinatowns in the nation.

Timeline 5.4

Whole Period - Immigration of the Welsh to Great Britain due to Industrial Revolution jobs
1812 - First use of a steam-powered locomotive
1816 - Spanish migration to Argentina
1837 - First passenger steamship crosses the Atlantic in 1/4 the time of a sail-powered ship
1840 - Great Potato Famine in Ireland leads to global migration from the island
1840s - First Chinatown in San Francisco
1847 - First propeller-driven ship crosses the Atlantic. The more efficient propellers increased the popularity             of travel by steamship.
1847-1857 - Immigration of almost 200,000 people from France
1861 - Italian Diaspora following the unification of Italy
1862 - Circassian Diaspora to Russia and the Ottoman Empire
1892 - Opening of Ellis Island immigration station

How and why did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?

The most influential reason for government reform in their economies was the Late-Nineteenth-Century Recession. This recession took place because the Industrial Revolution brought uneven prosperity to the world, and short burst of booms and busts. This led to the 3 key reasons for why the recession started: increasing start-up costs for new enterprises, increased productivity leading to rapid price declines, and the under-consumption of manufactured goods. In order to battle this recession governments set up laws such as limited liability, which protected investors from personal responsibility, or liability, for a firm's debt. They also set up stock markets which financed the growth if industry by selling shares or part ownership in companies to individual shareholders. An international economy linked through telegraph, railroad, telephone and steamships provided great income which is represented by the London Stock Exchange. The London Stock Exchange, in 1882, traded industry shares worth 54 million euros, a price that dramatically increased by 1900, selling shares to be worth 443 million euros.


People charging the 4th national bank. Late nineteenth century

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Panic_of_1873_bank_run.jpg/462px-Panic_of_1873_bank_run.jpg

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?

They often migrated with mass numbers of others from their home countries. These fellow migrants would, in a way, stick together to keep their old country's values, religion, and culture alive through them in their new homes. Migrants also formed enclaves, which are  concentrations of a certain type of people, to preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes. A modern day example of this can be Chinatown in New York City in New York of the United States. Diasporas, or clusters of people who shared an ethnic identity, across the world occurred, most notably those of the Jews from and to the Middle East and across Eurasia. These diasporas were formed when people migrated alongside members of their extended families and others from their same region and settled in an area close to one another.

How were gender roles affected by migration?

Gender roles were changed significantly by migration.  Because of the physical necessities of most of the jobs in demand, it was mainly men who migrated.  Due to this, women were left to fill new roles within the home that were formerly filled by men such as shopping and disciplining the children.

How did workers respond to the Industrial Revolution, and how did their vision of society compare to industrialists?

Many workers in different towns resisted the placing of labor saving machines where they lived. Some handicrafts, like the Luddites, attacked entire factories and smashed machines. Workers eventually became organized enough to rise up against capitalism, improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Other workers, industrialists, promoted utopian socialism and materialism. Those who promoted utopian socialism believed that there could be a perfect society only if technicians and engineers ruled the nation. Materialism, another society, was to believe to be built from relationships built into production. People who believed these to processes of society could work, wanted to improve society as a whole, not just for the individual like some workers.

Comic

 of Luddites smashing machines

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of businesses and overall economic activity?

Global trade helped the scale of business grow, but also provoked both recessions and positive growth in the economy. Global trade put the newly industrialized Western Hemisphere into international markets. This subsequently caused a recession, a period of economic decay, or negative growth. Capital-intensive industries , rapid price declines, and underconsumption of manufactured goods were the three main reasons of a large, long-lasting recession in the 1870's. To grow businesses, which many did grow during the industrial era, businesses had to buy more machines, than hire more workers. This led to the need for investors, stocks, and limited liability, which helped businesses with investments in growing their companies, reating boosts in economies, especially after the recession of the 1870's.

picture of the introduction to stock markets

What financial institutions facilitated industrial production?

Financial institutions such as stock markets, insurance, and limited liability corporations facilitated industrial production. Limited liability corporations protected investors for responsibility of a firm's debt. These types of corporations gave investors more confidence in putting their money into multiple business ventures. Other business people continued to develop stock markets, which were used to financially support the growth of multiple industries by selling shares in companies to individual shareholders. On an international scale, the London Stock Exchange traded over 450 million euros of industrial share between 1882-1900.

picture of the London Stock Exchange of the 1870's

How did industrialists legitimize the economic changes of theIndustrial Revolution?

industrialists started to legitimize the economy by developing different finaincial institutions such as capitalism and liberalism. Liberalism was favored by industrial growth and many of the middle-class industrialist were liberals. They favored freedom of trade, and were against goverment tariffs, monopolies, etc., and restrictions on wages which were favpred by many rural workers. Liberals wanted the government to put investments intoinfrastructures including the formation of railroads. Captilalism is what most think provoked the Industrial Revolution-"an economic system in which means of production are privately owned." Capitalism formed two class: workers, and owners, in the industrial era. This system made the owners wealthier without muc onvolvement of the government either.

Picture of Adam Smith, whom liberalists supported his ideas of personal freedom endorsed by the law

Key People 5.1

HJosiah Wedgwood- founder of the Wedgwood disheartening firm and created a wide range of new processes of colors and designs. He was able to copy Chinese ceramics unashamedly.

James Hargreaves- maker of the spinning jenny which enabled a single worker to spin up to 120 bobbins of thread at once, instead of one. 

Richard Arkwright- invented the water frame, another spinning machine, but used water to provide the energy needed. This enabled for many machines to be linked to one source of power and thus, allowed for many to be put in one building. 

James Watt- made the steam engine more fuel efficient, and powerful. "Modernized" the steam engine.

George Stephenson- placed the steam engine on a carriage, that was also on rails, creating the locomotive. 

Honoré Blanc- made guns with completely interchangeable parts, lowering the cost oer weapon and made repairing them possible. 

Karl Benz- made a workable gasoline engine.

Armand Peugeot- made the first automobile.

Matthew Perry- went into the Japanese city of Edo and demanded diplomatic negotiations with the emperor. The next year he was able to sign an agreement that opened Japan's ports regularly to the United States.

Savithribai Phule- aided the lowest caste if the "Untouchables" despite increasing criticism. For example, she formed schools for the girls of the "Untouchable" caste. 

Karl Marx- created the idea of materialism, which is the belief that the organization of society derives from the organization of production. 

Käthe Kollwitz- ralkistivally, through art, depicted the grim working conditions by illustrating pictures such as starving artisans. 

Charles Dickens- wrote about the grim working conditions in novels such as Oliver Twist. 

Key Terms 5.1

Industrial Revolution- a change on the production of goods that substituted mechanical power for human energy, beginning around 1750 in Britain and Western Europe, it vastly increased the world'is productivity.

Interchangeability of Parts- a late 18th century technological breakthrough in which machine and implement parts were standardized, allowing for mass production and easy repair.

Outwork- a method of manufacturing in which raw or semifinished materials are distributed to households where they are further processed or completed.

Limited Liability- legal protection for investors from personal responsibility for a firm's finances.

Stock Market- a site for buying and selling financial interests, or stock, in business, examples would be the stock exchanges on London and Hong Kong. 

Cartel- a group of independent business organization in a single industry formed to control production and prices. 

Socialism- a social and political ideology dating from the early nineteenth century that stresses the need too maintain social harmony through communities based on cooperation rather than competition, in Marxist terms, a classless society of workers who collectively control the production of goods necessary for life. 

Utopian Socialism- a goal of certain British and French thinkers in the early nineteenth century, who envisioned the creation of a perfect society through cooperation and social planning.

Materialism- in Marxist terms, the idea that the organization of society derives from the organization of production. 

Capitalism- an economic system in which the means of production- machines, factories, land, and other forms of wealth, are privately owned. 

Proletariat- under capitalism those who work without owning the means of production.

Bourgeoisie- originally a term meaning the urban middle class, Marx defined it as the owners of the means of production under capitalism. 

How did the Industrial Revolution affect social and demographic characteristics?

The Industrial Revolution had an impact on most parts of life. One strong impact on life was that of the social life of the people. One of demographics affected by the Industrial Revolution is women within the community. With the rise of sectors such as the White-Collar workers, greater sexual division started to occur. This is exampled by the fact that women, just like in factories, were paid much less than men by their employers for the same job. This is partly because of the idea that women were simply worth less than their male counterparts and thus, should receive lower pay.

How permanent were migrations?

For most people, migrations were permanent as migrating was very expensive and time consuming at this time.  Some examples of people who migrated permanently were people migrating to other countries or cities in search of work.  A number of people also migrated seasonally or temporarily, most notably traders.  Extremely wealthy nobility or traders would often migrate seasonally between houses, such as their summer and winter houses.

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

Receiving nations and societies sometimes welcomed new migrants from foreign nations. However, sometimes racial and ethnic prejudices made receiving peoples less likely to embrace these migrants. In Russia, anti-Semitic pogroms, or systematic attacks on Jews, often terrorized Jews, some of whom then migrated to the United States, where religious freedom was practiced. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy both were ways these nations attempted to regulate the large amount of immigrants across borders.

What were the important developments in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

Many innovations were made during the Industrial Revolution. Some of the most important however were within the field of transportation. Some of these innovations were the steam engine, the telegraph, and the spreading of railroads. The steam engine allowed for a more efficient travel and a new found speed for those who used it. This was a key step in creating a faster more efficient way to travel, enabling Europeans to be able to reach China in only a few days. Telegraphs allowed for a drastic increase in the speed of communication between peoples. This is shown especially in Russia during the Crimean War. The telegraph allowed citizens at home to receive battlefront news faster and in greater detail than ever before. This also had a second bonus, adding to the feeling of unity among the people. Finally railroads also played an important role in the innovating of transportation. Railroads required many of the earlier innovations such as tracks and engines, including the steam engine. The creation of railroads allowed for a sense of tourism and world travel, and made warfare increasingly faster and more lethal with its speed to transport troops.  

What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration?

Social Causes: People in lower classes of society felt oppressed even in their homes by the empirical ruling system, so through migration they believed they would be able to find better lives, and possibly move up in the social hierarchy of their new region.

Social Effects: These lower class migrants would travel to a new country, and would create new social classes similar to the merchant class.  The immigrants could also come to be seen as "foreigners" and disliked by people who had lived in the area for a long time.

Economic Causes: The main economic cause of migration was the lack of jobs in an area.  If people couldn't find jobs where they lived, then they migrated to an area where there was more work.

Economic Effects: Immigration to an area could lead to a shortage of jobs in that area.  Immigration from an area could lead to an economic downturn due to the lack of workers.

Political Causes: Overtaxation by the government often caused people to migrate to new areas to avoid such heavy taxes.  These taxes influenced the lower classes, for the most part, because the wealthy could afford to pay heavy taxes.

Political Effects: New ideas of government were introduced into different areas.  Many governments were also forced to introduce policies related to immigration because of the unprecedented migration.

What role did monetary and precious metal play in the Industrial Revolution?

During the Industrial Revolution, monetary and precious metals were used to state forms of wealth and for industrial production. Precious metals including gold, diamonds, and silver were all mined from the ground. During this time period, the more want for these metals provoked the creation of more mines to give the wealthy a status symbol. Other metals, such as copper and iron, were used in production. These metals were used to create machines, and were the materials of products put on markets.

What types of migrations were voluntary vs. involuntary?

Involuntary migrations included those of enslaved peoples, indentured servants, especially from China and India, and convicts forced to do labor. These slaves or indentured servants were usually sent from various places in Africa, where slaves were captured from neighboring tribes, to the Americas through the Atlantic Slave Trade, before the slaves were emancipated in both North and South America in the latter 1800s. However, people who chose to migrate due to oppression or to find better job opportunities are considered voluntary migrants. These migrants usually migrated to urban centers in Europe or in India, or to the United States for the freedom of choices.

Involuntary:

Voluntary:

What were the economic motives behind migration?

Specialized and forced laborers alike migrated for economic purposes. Specialized and factory workers migrated to areas where work was available in their field of labor. For example, many people in the Indian and British country-sides migrated to cities for factory work. African slaves, on the other hand, were forced to migrate to the Americas and conduct agricultural labor in order to gain profits for their masters.

What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?

Many raw materials were exported to industrialized lands, each playing a key role in the economy. One such raw material was cotton. This exported from Egypt into Europe for its growing textile manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution. Another raw material that was transported throughout Europe and China was clay. This clay was used to make the very much wanted Chinese porcelain, and was used to copy that porcelain in Europe by people such as Josiah Wedgwood.

What "new" markets did industrialized states look for/create for their exports?

Many countries, considerably Britain, were very curious into the idea of creating new ways to process, and manufacture goods. This curiosity stimulated the creation of many new markets for many Europeans. One such market is the European population as a whole. With this surging population many craftspeople worked to supply them. Another such market created by industrialization was that of the Europeans providing for the whole world. Unfortunately for Europeans, nobody was very interested in what they had to offer, so they had to devise ways to produce goods people wanted to buy. They did this by copying other countries products such as Chinese porcelain. With the realization that many people bought this porcelain Europeans tried to copy it and succeeded in the 1700s. An innovator of Josiah Wedgewood provided Chinese grade ceramics for those who wanted to buy, including the British monarch. Because of his knowledge of demand for ceramics he died one of the wealthiest men in his country.

Why did people migrate?

Many people migrated in search of jobs, especially those that worked in a specialized profession. Others were forced to move, like the indentured servants of the China and India, slaves, and convicts forced to do labor. Imperialist states also brought tougher times to the working class, so many decided to leave in search of new work, better salaries and better lives for their families. In other instances, such as in Ireland, there was a famine which caused many people to migrate to new lands in search of food. Protestant persecutions of Catholics throughout Europe prompted many Catholics to migrate to America for religious freedom. Similarly, Muslim and Hindu quarrels within India near the end of the 19th century would eventually lead to the partition of India into two different countries in 1947: Pakistan, for the Muslims, and India, for the Hindus. After Pakistan was established as a Muslim sanctuary due to these quarrels, as Muslims migrated through Hindu towns and cities, often these two religious groups would attack one another. However, the Muslims knew once they made it to Pakistan, the everyday, immediate conflicts would be of less frequency and intensity.

As industrial production rose, what type(s) of production declined?

As industrial production rose, notably in Europe, economies provided by individual, independent artisans started to diminish. This is exampled in India where industry was not big enough to provide jobs for these independent artisans, and they were forced to migrate to the country side.  Another diminished economical system due to the Industrial Revolution was the African slave trade. As industry rose the slave trade seemed to do the opposite, although this was partly because of increased protests, it was also being damaged by the creation of more profitable practices, like providing raw materials to Western industry.

What was the "2nd Industrial Revolution?"

The 2nd Industrial Revolution took place between 1870-1914, in which new innovations and advancements of production and machinery in chemical, energy, material, and medical fields were implemented.  This second period used heavy industrial products and new sources of energy, oil and electric. Chemical fertilizers were used  to boost crop yields, while reapers merchandised harvesting. Inventions such as the cream separator and the refrigerator car made it easier for meat and dairy products to be transported, different from the first period of the revolution.

 

How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?

The Industrial Revolution opened job opportunities around the world. This was especially true in British and Indian factories, where people who looked for these opportunities were able to participate in the jobs they desired. However, in places such as India, not enough job spots were open for the entire population, or even the majority, which forced many to migrate to the rural area. New modes of transportation such as the train, steamboat, and automobile also allowed for quicker transportation over both land and sea. In England and China, many workers transported themselves to work in the textile factories each day with the automobile.

How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like socialstructure, culture, and economy?

Industrial Revolution took place along with a surge in productive activity. People worked longer and tried to find new ways to produce goods while creating many inventions. With this increase in productivity the population grew as well. An example of this would be Qing China, where the population grew from 160 million people in 1700, to 350 million in the course of a century. Also, in China life expectancy increased with the new dynamic economy. Increasing from 34 to 39 years. Also with the Industrial Revolution, workers could see their labor becoming longer and unsafe. In the workplace one goes everyday with the risk of losing a limb, an eye, or even their life. Finally the Industrial Revolution allowed for the creation of the White-Collar, which increased the sexual division of labor. This is shown in the fact that women were paid much less than men for the same job. Along with the Industrial Revolution created a dynamic economy especially with the Europeans new connection to the New World. The new crops introduced became popular world wide and also increased the standard of living. In China meanwhile, the economy started to flow with silver as Europeans used it to pay for goods like cotton textiles, porcelain and lacquer. The culture in places such as Europe greatly changed with the Industrial Revolution. Europeans were curious in how to copy Chinese goods. Partly because Europe did not have many goods people wanted to buy. Therefore they tried to copy to creation of certain goods like porcelain and eventually succeeded in the 1700s.

How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods?

People could more easily migrate on a global scale, and people were able to migrate long distances across oceans in addition to land. As opposed to clans and kins migrating to follow large animals or prey for hunting and survival in Period 1, tens of millions of people migrated in this period to find opportunity or to escape misery, both brought by imperialist states. Transoceanic empires, such as the British, made overseas travel much easier with their control of water routes.

How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall?

Global trade was greatly effected by the Industrial Revolution. Newly found connections led to both economic and population growth. A reason for the population growth would be the newly introduced Western Hemisphere crops now introduced to trade, raising living standards. With new techniques used to process crops, a new standard was set for yield quantity. One such method was chemical fertilizing, greatly increasing the harvest. Economics also flourished through global trade. With China now able to produce what the world wanted in volume, for example, their economy flourished with silver which was used to buy their coveted goods. Another way that global trade was effected was by its efficiency and speed. With the steam engine being used to power vehicles for trade such as boats and trains, plus the spread of railroads, speed and efficiency was greatly improved. So much so that Europeans could reach China by train in a matter of days.

creation of steam ships transported goods internationally, faster

How did new modes of transportation affect migration?

New modes of transportation such as the train and steamboat allowed for quicker transportation over land and sea, thus quicker migration for people. These new transportation methods increased relocation to cities from within the country and from beyond. The automobile allowed for people to quickly transport themselves throughout a city as opposed to walking. It was also easier to travel overland in an automobile or a locomotive rather than walking along established trade routes.

What were the causes of world population growth?

With new innovations of medicine and methods of food production both contributed to world population growth. Food growth was increased by the introduction of the steam engine. It allowed for larger scale irrigation by serving as a powerful water pump as well as new ways to process the food. The introduction of crops from the Western Hemisphere proved to be much more nutritious than foods traditionally found in Eurasia, and thus aided the population growth of countries such as England and China.

Where did factories start and where/how did the factory system spread?

The Industrial Revolution brought on factories that started in Britain mainly because it had the iron deposits, and the coal to power many machines. Factories spread because of outside sources bringing the idea during trade and the fact that nations, such as China and Japan, looked to the West and saw the success and had the drive to start factories for economic growth. Factories later to places such as China and India, but had worldwide recognition. China was not the first to use factories to mass produce goods such as porcelain and silk and did not lead in industry, but had the biggest economy along with India until about 1900, when Britain ultimately surpassed them in overall production. Factories spread greatly through connection with other regions. This can be expressed when the Japanese were finally opening ports to Europeans after Matthew Perry eventually opened the ports in 1854 for Europeans. Along with the goods now entering the Japanese, there were also new ideas, one of these ideas was the factory system. By the 1870s the Meiji Restoration saw the making of thousands of miles of railroad and telegraph lines, and by the early 20th century the country had around 32,000 factories.

How did factories change the nature of labor itself?

Before the factory system was implemented, the domestic system was used for production, in which people performed all the work. This system could not keep up with demand, and was soon replaced by the factory system. The factory system used machines that people looked over. The system had a faster production rate and anticipated demand. For example, under the domestic system a woman could buy fabric and give it to a worker to make clothes in her size. Through the factory system, factory owners would buy lots of fabric and produce clothes in multiple, common sizes. The factory system used large, powered machines to complete mass production. Factories began to implement assembly lines where one person controlled a machine to produce a fraction of the final product. Products including ships, trains, radios, etc. were all created by multiple machines in factories.

Powerpoint describing the industrial revolution

What "fueled" (both literally and metaphorically) theIndustrialRevolution?

What literally fueled the Industrial Revolution were many things. However, the key components in its "fueling" were the fossil fuels used throughout the regions. These fossil fuels are want literally fueled the modern machines of the time to increase their productivity. These fossil fuels include coal and iron deposits. Metaphorically the Industrial Revolution was "fueled" by the curiosity of innovators and the trial and error of experimentation to increase productivity in places especially like Europe. With nothing that many people  wanted to buy, Europe was very interested in creating wanted goods. Also Europeans were introduced to new technological developments through global connections. These connections introduced Europe to new technological innovations such as the seed drills and winnowing machines to process grain. 

What combination of factors were necessary to begin the Industrial Revolution?

In order to spur the Industrial Revolution, a combination of components had to come together. Vital resources were the coal, iron deposits and other types of resources that enabled people like the British to create and fuel the first modern-like machines. Another factor playing a key role were the different technological developments from other civilizations, stimulating much curiosity. An example of this connection through global travel is how the British and other Europeans were exposed to devices like seed drills and winnowing machines to process grain.